Ssh Generate Public Key Authorized_keys

• Ssh Authorized Keys Permissions
• Symmetric Key
• How To Ssh With Public Key

Below is a quick how-to for implementing public / private key authentication for SSH. This is by no means an exhaustive examination of the subject. *nix distributions vary slightly and further research may be needed.

Generating Your SSH Public Key Many Git servers authenticate using SSH public keys. In order to provide a public key, each user in your system must generate one if they don’t already have one. This process is similar across all operating systems. The public key should be stored in the authorizedkeys file within the user's.SSH folder. Use FTP in binary mode to move the public key into the user's.SSH directory.

• 3Setup Procedures

Why use Public Key Authentication?

Public key authentication is considered a more secure methods of authenticating the Secure Shell than the simple password challenge routine, a method often broken by brute-force attacks. In addition, public key authentication allows for automated login routines between machines, thus enabling a range of scripted jobs (think rsync or port tunneling). It can also simplify the login process without compromising password security.

How does it work?

Public key authentication uses a pair of computer generated keys - one public and one private – to authenticate between a host and a client. The public key is derived from the private key. When authenticating, the host machine compares the public key to the private key in order to verify the veracity of the public key. If the two match, access is granted. Security of the system is predicated on the security of the private key.

Setup Procedures

1. Generate the needed Public and Private keys on the host.
2. Transfer / append the public key to the authorized_keys file on the client.
3. Login via Public Key Authentication.

Step by Step Example

The below setup description assumes that you are able to run terminal or a terminal application like Putty, and that you are familiar with basic commands. It doesn't take much.

Let's setup SSH public key authentication between your home computer (hereafter referred to as the “Host”) and your QNAP device (hereafter referred to as the “Client').

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1. Login to the Host via SSH using your preferred terminal application and generate the public / private key pair. In terminal type the following at the command prompt:

Note: the -C switch is not required. It allows you to insert a comment that will appear in the authorized_keys file. It is helpful for identifying and managing keys within the authorized_keys file on the Client in the event that you have multiple key logins. Replace 'server comment field' with a machine name, IP address, date, or task name so that you can easily identify where and why a given key was created.

2. Execute the command and you should see the following output:

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Note: “UserName” is the user account that you have logged into via SSH. Also note that the actual suggested path may vary slightly depending your system. You should accept the suggested location unless you have reason to do otherwise.

You will then be prompted for a passphrase that will be associated with this key.

The passphrase can be thought of as a password for the private key - it serves as an extra layer of protection as described below. If you leave this field blank you will generate keys that do not prompt for a passphrase. In other words, you will be logged in automatically via the secure public / private key handshake that you are in the process of setting up. It is highly recommended that you enter a passphrase unless you are setting up automated routines that require automatic login. See more detail below in “Security Notes.”

The keys have now been generated and are stored in the .ssh folder associated with the user account on the Host machine.

3. The final steps are to copy the public key to the Client and append it to the authorization_keys file. There are a number of ways to do this – you can copy the file to the Client and then append it (I like this method being the relative noob that I am. It involves more steps but is the easiest to complete without error. Those proficient with terminal commands will do it all in one step from the Host). Alternatively, you can open the id_rsa.pub file via a text editor like iv and copy the key text - then open the authorized_keys file on the Client and paste the text directly into the file. I will walk you through the noob method.

In the terminal navigate to the folder that contains the newly created keys – cd /User/UserName/.ssh and use the 'ls' list comand to see what is in that directory. You should see the following files:

• id_rsa
• id_rsa.pub
• known_hosts.

Type the following at the command prompt:

admin@ClientIPAddress is the address of your QNAP NAS (the Client) followed by the path on the Client where the public key needs to reside. You will be ask you for the password of the 'admin' account to login to the Client.

Enter the password to complete secure copy.

4. On the Client (QNAP NAS) navigate to the /etc/config/ssh folder and 'ls' to reveal the contents of the directory. You should see your id_rsa.pub file.

5. Now let's append this file to the authorized_keys file which needs to reside in this directory. Do not worry if authorized_keys file is not present. We will create it.

Ssh Authorized Keys Permissions

Type the following at the command prompt:

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Symmetric Key

Example

Set correct permissions

SSH daemon is really peacky about permissions. Create a .ssh folder within your home folder, copy /etc/config/ssh/authorized_keys to this folder and then make sure you have set your permissions as follows:

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That's it. You should now be able to login using key authentication. Logout of the Client and attempt to login. If you created a passphrase for your id_rsa private key then you will be prompted for the passphrase. If you left the passphrase field blank when generating the keys then you will be logged in automatically.
The first time you login you may encounter a promoted message like below.

Type 'yes' to continue. After you accept the authenticity of the RSA key, the Client information is saved in the /Users/UserName/.ssh/known_hosts file. You will not be prompted again unless you remove this file.

Important
If the destination Client is a x86 series model, please execute the following command on the destination Client (TS-509) to make sure the folder permission has been set correctly. Because there might be a permission problem in earlier firmware versions in x86 model (e.g. TS-509)

Note
The procedure is the same when setting up key authentication between two NAS boxes. Simply follow the steps above substituting a NAS device for the Host and Client as per the above example.

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Trouble Shooting
O'Reilly provides an excellent reasource for troubleshooting.

Security Notes
You must keep your private key secure! Security of public key authentication is dependent on your ability to secure the private key. You should avoid generating a key without a passphrase. If you have an unencrypted private key (no passphrase) stored on your workstation and if your workstation is compromised, your Client machines have been compromised too! If a hacker can obtain the private key they will have access to any client machines accessible with the public key. Further, in the event that your machine is compromised you should consider strongly the possibility that your keystrokes are being logged and therefore any private keys that ar protected by passphrases have likely been compromised.

In addition, you should never allow root-to-root trust between systems. Unfortunately, the firmware version of the QNAP NAS series is hardwired with a variant of OpenSSH that only permits ssh login by the root (admin) user. You are strongly encourage to update the SSH Daemon With OpenSSH as per How To Replace_SSH Daemon With OpenSSH. You can then setup named accounts for users or roles, granting as little root access as possible via sudo. You should also limit the 'from' access of the public keys, and if possible only allow specific public keys to run specific commands.

Original Example
Here is an example which tells you how to set up authorized_keys between two QNAP NAS units. For example, we have one TS-209 (10.8.12.209) & a TS-509 (10.8.12.33), and now I want to make it possible to SSH login to TS-509 from TS-209 without password.

1. SSH login to TS-209 with a console application (e.g. Putty)

2. Execute the following command, secure copy the id_rsa.pub from TS-209 to TS-509, and save it as 'authorized_keys'.

3. You might see a promoted message like below if this is the first time you are trying to access one NAS from another. Simply type 'yes' and go to the next step.

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4. And it will ask you for the password of the 'admin' account to login the destination host (10.8.12.33), just enter it and finish the secure copy command.

5. That's it! Now you should be able to SSH login to the TS-509 from TS-209 without password, the authorized_keys has been saved in the destination host (TS-509) under /etc/config/ssh/authorized_keys

Note
If the destination host is a x86 series model, please execute the following command in the destination host (TS-509) to make sure the folder permission has been set correctly. Because there might be a permission problem in earlier firmware versions in x86 model (e.g. TS-509)

Retrieved from 'https://wiki.qnap.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=SSH:_How_To_Set_Up_Authorized_Keys&oldid=1055'

It is possible to configure your Pi to allow your computer to access it without providing a password each time you try to connect. To do this you need to generate an SSH key:

Check for existing SSH keys

How To Ssh With Public Key

First, check whether there are already keys on the computer you are using to connect to the Raspberry Pi:

If you see files named id_rsa.pub or id_dsa.pub you have keys set up already, so you can skip the generating keys step (or delete these files with rm id* and make new keys).

Generate new SSH keys

To generate new SSH keys enter the following command:

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You'll also be asked to enter a passphrase. This is extra security which will make the key unusable without your passphrase, so if someone else copied your key, they could not impersonate you to gain access. If you choose to use a passphrase, type it here and press Enter, then type it again when prompted. Leave the field empty for no passphrase.

Now look inside your .ssh directory:

and you should see the files id_rsa and id_rsa.pub:

The id_rsa file is your private key. Keep this on your computer.

The id_rsa.pub file is your public key. This is what you share with machines you want to connect to. When the machine you try to connect to matches up your public and private key, it will allow you to connect.

Take a look at your public key to see what it looks like:

It should be in the form:

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Copy your public key to your Raspberry Pi

To copy your public key to your Raspberry Pi, use the following command, on the computer you will be connecting from, to append the public key to your authorized_keys file on the Pi, sending it over SSH:

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Note that this time you will have to authenticate with your password.

Alternatively, if the ssh-copy-id is not available on your system, you can copy the file manually over SSH:

If you see the message ssh: connect to host <IP-ADDRESS> port 22: Connection refused and you know the IP-ADDRESS is correct, then you probably haven't enabled SSH on your Pi. Run sudo raspi-config in the Pi's terminal window, enable SSH, and then try to copy the files again.

Now try ssh <USER>@<IP-ADDRESS> and you should connect without a password prompt.

If you see a message 'Agent admitted failure to sign using the key' then add your RSA or DSA identities to the authentication agent ssh-agent then execute the following command:

If this did not work, delete your keys with rm ~/.ssh/id* and follow the instructions again.

You can also send files over SSH using the scp command (secure copy). See the SCP guide for more information.

Let macOS store your passphrase so you don't have to enter it each time

If you're using macOS and after verifying that your new key allows you to connect, you can optionally choose to store the passphrase for your key in the macOS Keychain. This will make it so that you don't have to enter the passphrase each time you connect to your Pi.

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